The Causal Relationship Between Government Revenue and Spending free essay sample

Given their monetary conditions, our examination should help decide appropriate changes for these nations to adapt all the more adequately to their current financial difficulties. An essential test confronting Egypt is joblessness. As per current authority gauges, joblessness of around 8 percent is went with a yearly development pace of 3 percent in labor power. To lessen joblessness to progressively reasonable levels, it is evaluated that Egypt needs to accomplish a solid and supportable yearly development pace of in any event 6 percent in genuine GDP. While trying to arrive at this objective, Egypt has used a private-part drove development strategy. Privatization and change to a market economy are planned to improve profitability, effectiveness, and rivalry in the household economy. Be that as it may, the low degrees of residential sparing and speculation make a hindrance for financial development in Egypt. Upgrades in the residential sparing rate come from improving profitability, which, thusly, makes privatization a significant factor in decreasing joblessness and destitution. Advancing an increasingly productive annuity framework, rebuilding the inancial framework, and further creating capital markets have given extra approaches to build the household sparing rate. Dispensing with the spending shortage is a further advance to guarantee the accessibility of residential putting something aside for private speculation. To this end, it is fundamental for the legislature to execute arrangements that decrease and in the long run dispense with the spending shortfall. It is in this manner the point of this paper to offer such approach activities, utilizing the proof on the causal connection between government income and spending in Egypt. Joblessness is likewise an essential test confronting Jordan. As indicated by current authority gauges, joblessness of around 15 percent is went with a yearly development pace of 4-5 percent in the work power. It is assessed that Jordan additionally needs a solid and feasible yearly development pace of at * Bassam AbuAI-Foul,Departmentof Economics and Public Administration,American Universityof Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, [emailprotected] air conditioning. ae;Hamid Baghesteni, Department of Economics and Public Adminislration,American Universityof Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates, [emailprotected] air conditioning. ae. The creators gratefullyacknowledgethe commentsof an anonymousrefereeon an earlierdraftof this paper. See the WorldBankGroup(2001). ume 28 * Number 2 * Summer 2004 261 least 6 percent in genuine GDP to settle joblessness. 2 To support monetary advancement, Jordan has concentrated on a private-part send out arranged development technique. The administration has forcefully sought after privatization of most open en deavors in transportation, power, water, and broadcast communications. Notwithstanding expanding proficiency, efficiency, and seriousness of privatized organizations, the point has been to energize household sparing and animate private speculation. As far as exportoriented development, Jordan has built up a few free zones, including the Aqaba port along the Red Sea, Zarqa, the Sahab mechanical home, and lrbid. Private area cooperation is empowered through venture charge motivating forces. Licenses to work inside a free zone territory are given to privately owned businesses on the off chance that they have the capability of carrying new enterprises and innovation to the nation, using nearby crude materials and parts during the time spent creation, improving the Jordanian work aptitudes, and bringing down the countrys imports. Regardless of these basic changes, a solid and economical development in genuine GDP has not yet been figured it out. Notwithstanding the absence of solid fare intensity, obstructions to quicker development incorporate the low degrees of residential sparing and moderate reaction of private speculation. 4 Besides privatization, different endeavors to expand the sparing rate incorporate further advancement of the benefits framework, the monetary framework, and the capital markets. As on account of Egypt, wiping out the spending shortfall in Jordan is basic to guarantee the accessibility of household putting something aside for private speculation. Giving proof of the causal connection between government income and spending should consequently help decide approaches to lessen and in the long run take out the spending shortfall in Jordan. The remainder of the paper is composed as follows. The following segment hypothetically talks about four speculations of government money: (I) the assessment and-spend theory, (ii) the spend-and-expense speculation, (iii) the speculation of causally autonomous duty and spending choices, and (iv) the financial synchronization speculation. Refering to some observational proof, for the most part on creating nations, enlarges this hypothetical conversation. The third segment portrays the information and the econometric approach. Such tests as a unit root and cointegration are important to recognize the proper bivarlate model for examining the headings of causation among income and spending. Be that as it may, our example periods are not adequately long to get any force for these tests. To beat this issue, the causality tests are performed utilizing three bivariate models. These are (I) the vector autoregressive model in levels, (ii) the vector autoregressive model in first contrasts, and (iii) the mistake remedy model. The causality test results for Egypt and Jordan, introduced in the fourth area, are not delicate to the decision of the model. Likewise, in the fifth segment, we depend on these test results to examine the strategy suggestions and finish up the paper. Hypothetical and Empirical Background Several elective theories of government account portray the causal connection among spending and income. The assessment and-spend speculation, advocated by Friedman (1978), guesses a causal connection running from income to spending. It sees spending as modifying, up or down, to whatever level can be bolstered by income. Control of tax assessment, as indicated by Friedman (1978), is fundamental to restricting development in government. In lessening the spending deficiency, for example, one ought not depend on raising expenses, since higher income welcomes higher spending. Like Friedman, Buchanan and Wagner (1977, 1978) advocate the assessment and-spend speculation. In any case, they caution that the expense and-spend expectation might be mutilated because of the way that assessment rate changes are joined by exceptional political discussion and contention over financial effect and salary distributional issues. Shortfall financing 2Seethe WorldBankGroup(2003). J See JordanlnvesanentBeard(2000). One should,of course, be mindfulof the way that the political instabilityof the area is another impedimentto fitstereconomic8rowth,moreso in filecaseof Jordan than Egypt. 262 JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND FINANCE 9 Volume 28 9 Number 2 9 Summer 2004 ather than charge financing by lawmakers may then turn into the wellspring of development in spending. Experimental proof on the side of the assessment and-spend see is introduced by Baffes and Shah (1994) for Brazil, by Danat (1998) for Turkey, by Darrat (2002) for Lebanon and Tunisia, by Cheng (1999) for Columbia, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Paraguay, and by Ewing and Payne (1998) for Colombia, Ecuador, and Guatemala. The spend-and-duty theory depends on the converse connection, with income reacting to earlier spending changes. In accordance with the Ricardian equality hypothesis, Barro (1974) keeps up that people in general completely envisions and underwrites the future expense risk inferred by present government acquiring. In this way, without monetary fantasy, increments in government spending lead to increments in charges. Peacock and Wiseman (1979) see normal, financial, or political emergencies as supports for spending climbs that are in this way endorsed by charge increments. As per this speculation, spending slices are the ideal answer for lessening the spending shortage, particularly without emergencies. Experimental proof by Mithani and Khoon (1999) and Ram (1988) bolsters the spend-and-expense speculation, individually, for Malaysia and Honduras. The third speculation underlines the institutional division of distribution and tax collection elements of government and the autonomous assurance of income and spending. As for the U. S. , this theory underlines the nonappearance of coordination among spending and income choices because of the absence of understanding between the official and authoritative parts of government taking an interest in the budgetary procedure. [See Wildavsky (1988) and Hoover a~d Sheffrin (1992). Steady with this view, Baghestani and McNown (1994) presume that neither the assessment and-spend nor the spend-and-duty speculation represents post-World War II budgetary development in the U. S. Rather, they show that both the development in income and spending is controlled by iong-rnn monetary development. Regarding creating nations, Ram (1988) gives experimental proof on the side of the institutional partition theory for India, Panama, Paraguay, and Sri Lanka. The fourth theory demonstrates bidirectional causation among income and spending. [See Musgrave (1966) and Meitzer and Richard (1981). This f ~ t l synchronization theory hypothesizes that the income and spending choices are made all the while, by examining expenses and advantages of elective government programs. Thusly, this view blocks unidirectional causation from income to spending or from spending to income. Experimental proof on the side of the monetary synchronization theory is introduced by Baffes and Shah (1994) for Argentina and Mexico, by Cheng (1999) for Chile, Panama, Brazil, and Peru, by Ewing and Payne (1998) for Chile and Paraguay, by Kimenyi (1990) for Kenya, and by Li (2001) for China. For a thorough study of the exact proof on the assessment spend banter for both created and creating nations, see Payne (2003). Information and Methodology This examination uses the yearly information on government spending, government income, and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). These information for Egypt (1977-1998) and Jordan (1975-2001) are get

Characterization of Granny Weatherall from The Jilting of Granny Essay

Life at SIPA The Student View COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Life at SIPA The Student View COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog When I speak with alumni and ask them about their fondest memories of SIPA there is one unanimous first response fellow students.   Hands down the response is something like the following: My fellow students were the best part of my SIPA experience.   I met so many people from all over the world and was able to debate issues, socialize, and learn alongside an incredibly diverse group of people.   And now whenever I go somewhere in the world, I can count on a couch to crash on. This is not an exact quote, but basically summarizes most of the conversations I have had.   If you want to get a glimpse into life at SIPA there is no better way than to get an insider perspective.   Last year a group of students conducted a survey of student life at SIPA and posted an entry to the SIPA student blog, The Morningside Post.   Even though the article was written last year, I think it is great fodder for both incoming and prospective students.   Below is the intro to the blog entry written by Stig Pettersen, followed by the link to the full post. One year ago, my feelings about getting on the plane from Norway to New York were very different from today. While today, I am returning to a reasonably familiar life at SIPA, heading off to live in the Big Apple and attend an Ivy League graduate school for the first time in my life was a very different experience. To be quite honest, I had no idea what to expect when it came to what my life would look like for the next two years. How much of a workoholic would I need to be? Would I ever have time to socialize and explore the many bars and bustling nightlife of the metropolis? Would I manage to find scholarships to fund the sky high tuition fees, or would my graduation debt ricochet past any previously expected amount? Would I get the precious sleep needed to function normally? Would I make friends, or would I spend a lot of time alone? Would I find time to communicate with the loved ones I was about to part from? And what kind of people would I share my days at SIPA with? To continue, click here.

Avenging his Fathers Death in Shakespeares Hamlett

Hamlet is revealed as indecisive through his attempts to avenge his father’s death. Throughout the play, Hamlet is overwhelmed with his emotions and the feeling of revenge. Hamlet hesitates in killing Claudius due to his fear of making the wrong decision. He is held back by his excessive religious morals and beliefs. This indecisiveness is part of Hamlet’s character for most of the play, but he undergoes a drastic change. He begins to show an intention of immediate bloody revenge on Claudius. Prince Hamlet is a student who enjoys contemplating difficult philosophical questions. When his father, king of Denmark, dies, he returns home to find evidence of foul play in his father’s death. The Ghost of Hamlet’s father tells Prince Hamlet that his uncle Claudius is the murderer. Throughout the rest of the play, Hamlet seeks to prove Claudius’ guilt before he confronts Claudius. At times he is constantly overusing his intellect while ignoring his emotions, and ignoring what is the right thing to do. His extreme logic causes him to delay his revenge against Claudius until the final scene of the play. Where Hamlet kills Claudius and proves that Claudius did murder his father. At the beginning of the play, Hamlet acts out of pure intellect and processed logic. He dismisses his natural instincts. He is afraid to act with them. For instance, when Hamlet encounters his father’s ghost; he does not believe it is his father. Even though he has an emotional reaction to the ghost.

Working Capital Management at Jindal Steel Works

SECTION 1 - PROFILE STUDY OF JINDAL STEEL WORKS LTD INDUSTRY PROFILE INTRODUCTION TO STEEL INDUSTRY India’s economic growth is contingent upon the growth of the Indian steel industry. Consumption of steel is taken to be an indicator of economic development. While steel continues to have a stronghold in traditional sectors such as construction, housing and ground transportation, special steels are increasingly used in engineering industries such as power generation, petrochemicals and fertilisers. India occupies a central position on the global steel map, with the establishment of new state-of-the-art steel mills, acquisition of global scale capacities by players, continuous modernisation and upgradation of older plants, improving energy†¦show more content†¦Undoubtedly there has been significant government bias towards public sector undertakings. But not all government action has been beneficial for the public sector companies. Freight equalization policies of the past were one example. The current governmental ‘moral-suasion’ to limit steel price increases is another. However, after liberalization—when a large number of controls were abolished, some immediately and others gradually—the steel industry has been experiencing new era of development. Major developments that occurred at the time of liberalization and thenceforth were: * Large plant capacities that were reserved for public sector were removed; * Export restrictions were eliminated; * Import tariffs were reduced from 100 percent to 5 percent; * Decontrol of domestic steel prices; * Foreign investment was encouraged, and the steel industry was part of the high priority industries for foreign investments and implying automatic approval for foreign equity participation up to 100 percent; and * System of freight ceiling was introduced in place of freight equalization scheme. 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Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen Free Essays

Briel BrownFeindert ENGWR 48027 September 2016 Critique of â€Å"50 Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen†In the forum post titled â€Å"50 Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen,† the author, only identified as Ted, puts forth a list of reasons that individuals who are already convinced that the Holocaust is a myth can use to persuade others. It is found on a forum called The CODOH Revisionist Forum, a website that lends itself specifically as a safe space for Holocaust revisionists. The post begins with a few sentences of introduction, briefly mentioning why it can be hard for many to give his point of view a chance. We will write a custom essay sample on Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen or any similar topic only for you Order Now He goes on to criticize the media, comparing them to the church during the dark ages in the way that they can withhold information, with random and slightly irrelevant statements sprinkled throughout. He concludes the preface with the statement â€Å"No proof has even been given that 6 million were murdered,† and proceeds to go more in depth. The rest of the article is arranged in a numbered list format. The reasons are listed unsystematically, each one being followed by explanations of varying length. Many of his reasons focus on criticizing the media for refusing to allow Holocaust revisionists to have a voice. Others try to prove the Holocaust either scientifically or fiscally impossible. He makes many statements that attempt to paint witnesses and historians as liars, and goes as far as to accuse many of having an agenda that would benefit from the falsification of an atrocity such as the Holocaust. The article is void of a concluding paragraph, instead ending on a proof numbered 50, consisting of three unrelated and vague statements that offer nothing but confusion. Brown 2The posting as a whole is a vague and disorganized mess. Failure to proofread is obvious; there is no clear form of organization, it is riddled with spelling and grammatical errors, and irrelevant ramblings are left in the middle of what could have been a strong statement. The author manages to include a few decent rhetorical questions that can cause a feeling of doubt to arise in the reader, but the evidence included is rarely tacked on to these. When evidence is used it is often either false, from an unknown source lacking in credibility, or merely quoted and left unexplained. The author’s argument is presented in an unorganized and visually cluttered manner. Contradictory to the title reason five is skipped, reducing the list to only forty-nine author specified reasons. The evidence is often listed in a fashion that betrays the numbering, with a shift in focus occurring multiple times within one section. For example, instead of expanding on the statement, â€Å"Reinhold Elstner burnt himself alive in protest against the holocaust lies,† that begins the concluding reason, we see an illogical shift in discussion topic to â€Å"German farmers are told to shut up if they find bones and try to arrange their burial† (Reason 50). Many pieces of evidence appear on screen as if the formatting was ruined in a copy-paste mishap with unnecessary jumps to new lines appearing prior to the end of the quote. While not terrible, it can be slightly confusing for the reader when it appears that a new paragraph has been started, only to see that the quote continues on. This author makes similar mistakes when it comes to expanding upon his case, again including unnecessary jumps in spacing when simply starting a new sentence would be sufficient. Vague statements, â€Å"Germans highly civilised and more so than the Brits and Yanks etc.,† (Reason 40) fragments, â€Å"Obliteration propaganda.,† (Reason 32) and run on sentences and comma splices â€Å"People can’t understand how so many eyewitnesses can lie, they have seen the television programmes,† (Reason 2) litter the posting. In addition, the Brown 3author occasionally goes on racist tirades that add little to his argument and can deter readers who may come looking for an unbiased argument. For example, â€Å"Are Jewish lives worth more or something? And if we are westerners why should we give a damn? Are we too gentle to survive in a harsh world?† (Reason 20). The above coupled with the frequent spelling errors further add to the confusion that could be experienced by the reader, making it look more like a set of notes meant to be understood only by the author than an article intended for consumption. It even contains conventional errors in the title, with the failure to capitalize any word in it and the lack of an apostrophe for the word â€Å"didn’t.† While the posting is filled with links and quotations, often they are either unreliable, false, or left without explanation. While it is rather easy for a reader to look up a name that is mentioned, attempting to establish credibility for sources within the piece could add weight to what one pulls from a source. Writings from individuals such as David Irving, a revisionist author, are linked without even formally identifying him in. Some quotes are even from individuals identified in ways as vaguely as â€Å"one guy on the BBC,† (Reason 6) and â€Å"From a letter from the British ministry of information,† (Reason 10). In the author’s attempt to criticize the media, he claims that they have made repeated efforts to silence those critical of the Holocaust; however, not one specific example is listed. In his attempts to criticize accounts given at the Nuremberg trials, he claims that â€Å"It takes about 5 minutes of reading the Nuremberg documents to realise that the Holocaust is a hoax,† (Reason 8) but again, gives not one clear example. He continues to claim â€Å"Violation of Occam’s razor, again and again,† (Reason 12) an extremely vague statement that is expanded upon only by asking the reader to examine the counterargument of a book. The author could have very easily added weight to his argument by citing at least one example, but he neglected to do so.Brown 4Due to the lack of concrete evidence used in the author’s attempts at making logical appeals, the strength of this posting is rooted in the author’s ability to manipulate the reader’s emotions. In quoting a 1958 text from Tel Aviv, â€Å"If some know-it-all tries to expose you, the others will not listen to him and will condemn him, because by exposing you he is proving them guilty of stupidity, and the crowd will not forgive this,† (Reason 2) the author provides a statement that can make the readers feel somewhat guilty for their refusal to question what they have been taught. Decent use of figurative language is employed to describe the media with the metaphor â€Å"The carrot and stick are there to make people obey† (Reason 26), which again can pull on people’s fear that they have overlooked something. His plays on fear and guilt do begin to get somewhat excessive at times, as his deliberate use of language becomes offensive. In using phrases such as â€Å"politically retarded,† (Reason 16) â€Å"The parallels with religious arguments should make intelligent people suspicious,† (Reason 34) and â€Å"Only an idiot would believe in stories such as lampshades of human skin,† (Reason 40) to describe those who disagree with him, the author may invoke an insecurity in some readers that can cause them to give his viewpoint a second chance. Just as easily, however, it can cause readers to disregard the writings due to the offense that they may take. The author’s attempt to create a list of reasons that would help a fellow revisionist argue their case mostly for naught. While like-minded individuals can pull some rhetorical questions to get others thinking, there is little offered in way of credible argument material. It is organized in an unpleasant and confusing fashion that makes the posting almost unreadable. The grammatical errors and failure to proofread suggest an apathy, or perhaps an intellectual incompetence, from the author that does not help his case. Individuals who are willing to look can surely find something to aid them in whatever they sought the posting for, but for a casual reader not Brown 5desperate for argument material, the posting is comically inarticulate and slightly frightening when the sincerity behind the writing is considered. Words: 1375Brown 6Work CitedTed. â€Å"50 Reasons Why the Holocaust Didnt Happen.† The CODOH Revisionist Forum, 25 Aug. _____2004, https://forum.codoh.com/viewtopic.php?t How to cite Reasons Why the Holocaust Didn’t Happen, Papers

Tale Essays - English-language Films, A Tale Of Two Cities

Tale Of Two Cities Tale of Two Cities by Charles Dickens takes place in France and England during the troubled times of the French Revolution. There are travels by the characters between the countries, but most of the action takes place in Paris, France. The wineshop in Paris is the hot spot for the French revolutionists, mostly because the wineshop owner, Ernest Defarge, and his wife, Madame Defarge, are key leaders and officials of the revolution. Action in the book is scattered out in many places; such as the Bastille, Tellson's Bank, the home of the Manettes, and largely, the streets of Paris. These places help to introduce many characters into the plot. One of the main characters, Madame Therese Defarge, is a major antagonist who seeks revenge, being a key revolutionist. She is very stubborn and unforgiving in her cunning scheme of revenge on the Evermonde family. Throughout the story, she knits shrouds for the intended victims of the revolution. Charles Darnay, one of whom Mrs. Defarge is seeking revenge, is constantly being put on the stand and wants no part of his own lineage. He is a languid protagonist and has a tendency to get arrested and must be bailed out several times during the story. Dr. Alexander Manette, a veteran prisoner of the Bastille, cannot escape the memory of being held and sometimes relapses to cobbling shoes. Dr. Manette's daughter, Lucie Manette is loved by many and marries Charles Darnay. One who never forgot his love for Lucie, Sydney Carton, changed predominately during the course of the novel. Sydney, a look-alike of Charles Darnay, was introduced as a frustrated, immature alcoholic, but in the end, made the ultimate sacrifice for a good friend. These and other characters help to weave an interesting and dramatic plot. Dr. Manette who has just been released from the Bastille, and Lucie, eager to meet her father whom she thought was dead, goes with Mr. Jarvis Lorry to bring him back to England. Dr. Manette is in an insane state from his long prison stay and does nothing but cobble shoes, although he is finally persuaded to go to England. Several years later, Lucie, Dr. Manette, and Mr. Lorry are witnesses at the trial of Charles Darnay. Darnay, earning his living as a tutor, frequently travels between England and France and is accused of treason in his home country of France. He is saved from being prosecuted by Sydney Carton, who a witness confuses for Darnay, thus not making the case positive. Darnay ended up being acquitted for his presumed crime. Darnay and Carton both fall in love with Lucie and want to marry her. Carton, an alcoholic at the time, realizes that a relationship with Lucie is impossible, but he still tells her that he loves her and would do anything for her. Darnay and Lucie marry each other on the premises of the two promises between Dr. Manette and Darnay. Right after the marriage, while the newlyweds are on their honeymoon, Dr. Manette has a relapse and cobbles shoes for nine days straight. France's citizens arm themselves for a revolution and, led by the Defarges, start the revolution by raiding the Bastille. Shortly before the start of the revolution, the Marquis runs over a child in the streets of Paris. He is assassinated by Gaspard, the child's father, who is also a part of the revolution. Three years later, right in the middle of the revolution, Darnay is called to France to help Gabelle, an old friend. As soon as he goes down what seems to be a one-way street to France, he is arrested (in France) for being an enemy of the state. Dr. Manette, Lucie, and the Darnay's daughter go shortly after to Paris to see if they can be of any help to Charles. When the delayed trial finally takes place, Dr. Manette, who is in the people's favor, uses his influence to free Charles. The same day, Charles is re-arrested on charges set forth by the Defarges and one other mystery person. The next day, at a trial that had absolutely no delay, Charles is convicted and sentenced to death. Because of the despondent situation, Dr. Manette has a relapse and cobbles shoes. Sydney Carton overhears a plot to kill Lucie, her daughter, and Dr. Manette and has them immediately get ready to leave the country. Carton, having spy contacts, gets into the prison in which Darnay is being held, drugs him and switches places with him. Lucie, Charles, and their daughter successfully leave the